Frontonasal Dysplasia 1; Fnd1

Description

The term frontonasal dysplasia was coined by Sedano et al. (1970) to describe a constellation of findings limited to the face and head. The disorder is defined as 2 or more of the following: (1) true ocular hypertelorism; (2) broadening of the nasal root; (3) median facial cleft affecting the nose and/or upper lip and palate; (4) unilateral or bilateral clefting of the alae nasi; (5) lack of formation of the nasal tip; (6) anterior cranium bifidum occultum (see {168500}); and (7) a V-shaped or widow's peak frontal hairline (Sedano and Gorlin, 1988). Most reported cases are sporadic, but a few familial cases have been reported.Twigg et al. (2009) characterized frontonasal malformation (FNM) as a 'very heterogeneous group of disorders' and summarized clinical features.Also see acromelic frontonasal dysplasia (AFND ), frontofacionasal dysplasia (FFND ), oculoauriculofrontonasal syndrome (OAFNS ), the acrofrontofacionasal dysostosis syndromes ({201180}, {239710}), and craniofrontonasal syndrome (OMIM ). Genetic Heterogeneity of Frontonasal DysplasiaFrontonasal dysplasia-2 (FND2 ) is caused by mutation in the ALX4 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 11p11. Frontonasal dysplasia-3 (FND3 ) is caused by mutation in the ALX1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 12q21.

Clinical Features

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism
• Nystagmus
• Strabismus
• Cleft palate
• Cataract

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