Long Qt Syndrome 1; Lqt1

Description

Congenital long QT syndrome is electrocardiographically characterized by a prolonged QT interval and polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes). These cardiac arrhythmias may result in recurrent syncope, seizure, or sudden death (Jongbloed et al., 1999).A form of torsade de pointes in which the first beat has a short coupling interval has been described (OMIM ). Genetic Heterogeneity of Long QT SyndromeThere are other forms of LQT syndrome (LQTS) associated with mutations in various genes encoding ion channel subunits: LQT2 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the KCNH2 gene (OMIM ), LQT3 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the SCN5A gene (OMIM ), LQT4 (see {600919}) is caused by mutation in the ANK2 gene (OMIM ), LQT5 is caused by mutation in the KCNE1 gene (OMIM ), LQT6 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the KCNE2 gene (OMIM ), LQT7 (Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, {170390}) is caused by mutation in the KCNJ2 gene (OMIM ), LQT8 (Timothy syndrome; {601005}) is caused by mutation in the CACNA1C gene (OMIM ), LQT9 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the CAV3 gene (OMIM ), LQT10 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the SCN4B gene (OMIM ), LQT11 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the AKAP9 gene (OMIM ), LQT12 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the SNTA1 gene (OMIM ), LQT13 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the KCNJ5 gene (OMIM ), LQT14 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the CALM1 gene (OMIM ), and LQT15 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the CALM2 gene (OMIM ).Approximately 10% of LQTS patients in whom a mutation is identified in one ion channel gene carry a second mutation in the same gene or in another ion channel gene (Tester et al., 2005).

Clinical Features

• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Depressivity
• Arrhythmia
• Paralysis
• Tachycardia
• Postural instability
• Sudden cardiac death
• Syncope
• Palpitations

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