Delayed speech and language development, and Choanal atresia

Medium match SWEENEY-COX SYNDROME; SWCOS

Sweeney-Cox syndrome is characterized by striking facial dysostosis, including hypertelorism, deficiencies of the eyelids and facial bones, cleft palate/velopharyngeal insufficiency, and low-set cupped ears (Kim et al., 2017).

• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia
• Ptosis

SOURCES: OMIM

Medium match OSTEOGLOPHONIC DYSPLASIA; OGD

Osteoglophonic dwarfism (OGD) is characterized by dwarfism, severe craniofacial abnormalities and multiple unerupted teeth.

OSTEOGLOPHONIC DYSPLASIA; OGD Is also known as osteoglophonic dwarfism;osteoglophonic dwarfism

• Autosomal dominant inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Pica
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM SCTID GARD UMLS MONDO ORPHANET MESH

Medium match MANDIBULOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS, GUION-ALMEIDA TYPE; MFDGA

Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly is a rare syndrome comprising progressive microcephaly, midface and malar hypoplasia, micrognathia, microtia, dysplastic ears, preauricular skin tags, significant developmental delay, and speech delay. Many patients have major sequelae, including choanal atresia that results in respiratory difficulties, conductive hearing loss, and cleft palate (summary by Lines et al., 2012).

MANDIBULOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS, GUION-ALMEIDA TYPE; MFDGA Is also known as mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly;mfdm, growth and mental retardation, mandibulofacial dysostosis, microcephaly, and cleft palate;mfdm syndrome; mandibulofacial dysostosis, guion-almeida type

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Autosomal dominant inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay

SOURCES: MONDO ORPHANET SCTID OMIM MESH UMLS DOID GARD

Medium match MENTAL RETARDATION, X-LINKED 99, SYNDROMIC, FEMALE-RESTRICTED; MRXS99F

Female-restricted X-linked syndromic mental retardation-99 is an X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development and mild to moderate intellectual disability. Affected females can have a wide range of additional congenital anomalies, including scoliosis, postaxial polydactyly, mild cardiac or urogenital anomalies, dysmorphic facial features, and mild structural brain abnormalities (summary by Reijnders et al., 2016).

MENTAL RETARDATION, X-LINKED 99, SYNDROMIC, FEMALE-RESTRICTED; MRXS99F Is also known as ;x-linked facial dysmorphism-short stature-choanal atresia-intellectual disability syndrome limited to females

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: MONDO ORPHANET UMLS OMIM

Low match CHROMOSOME 22q11.2 DELETION SYNDROME, DISTAL

Distal 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 22, with a highly variable phenotype characterized by prematurity, pre- and post-natal growth retardation, developmental delay (particularly speech), mild intellectual disability, variable cardiac defects, and minor skeletal anomalies (such as clinodactyly). Dysmorphic features include prominent forehead, arched eyebrows, deep set eyes, narrow upslanting palpebral fissures, ear abnormalities, hypoplastic alae nasi, smooth philtrum, down-turned mouth, thin upper lip, retro/micrognatia and pointed chin. For certain very distal deletions, there is a risk of developing malignant rhabdoid tumours.

CHROMOSOME 22q11.2 DELETION SYNDROME, DISTAL Is also known as distal chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome;distal del(22)(q11.2); distal monosomy 22q11.2

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: MESH UMLS DOID OMIM MONDO ORPHANET

Low match COFFIN-SIRIS SYNDROME 1; CSS1

Coffin-Siris syndrome is a multiple malformation syndrome characterized by mental retardation associated with coarse facial features, hypertrichosis, sparse scalp hair, and hypoplastic or absent fifth fingernails or toenails. Other more variable features may include poor overall growth, craniofacial abnormalities, spinal anomalies, and congenital heart defects (review by Vergano and Deardorff, 2014). Mutations in the ARID1B gene are the most common cause of Coffin-Siris syndrome (Wieczorek et al., 2013). Genetic Heterogeneity of Coffin-Siris SyndromeForms of Coffin-Siris syndrome have been shown to be caused by mutations in genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF complex, also known as the BAF complex, which functions as a chromatin remodeling factor. These include CSS2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the ARID1A gene (OMIM ); CSS3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SMARCB1 gene (OMIM ); CSS4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SMARCA4 gene (OMIM ); CSS5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SMARCE1 gene (OMIM ); and CSS6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the ARID2 gene (OMIM ).A similar phenotype, Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome (NCBRS ), is also caused by mutation in a subunit of this complex, i.e., SMARCA2 (OMIM ).

COFFIN-SIRIS SYNDROME 1; CSS1 Is also known as coffin-siris syndrome;css, fifth digit syndrome, mental retardation, autosomal dominant 12;mrd12

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Autosomal dominant inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay

SOURCES: OMIM MONDO

Low match CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME 1; CDLS1

The Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CDLS) is a multisystem malformation syndrome recognized primarily on the basis of characteristic facial dysmorphism, including low anterior hairline, arched eyebrows, synophrys, anteverted nares, maxillary prognathism, long philtrum, thin lips, and 'carp' mouth, in association with prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, mental retardation and, in many cases, upper limb anomalies. However, there is wide clinical variability in this disorder, with milder phenotypes that may be difficult to ascertain on the basis of physical features (summary by Rohatgi et al., 2010).Boyle et al. (2015) provided a detailed review of CDLS, including clinical features, diagnosis, and genetic counseling. Genetic Heterogeneity of Cornelia de Lange SyndromeAbout 50 to 60% of the cases of CDLS are due to mutation in the NIPBL gene (Musio et al., 2006; Rohatgi et al., 2010).One X-linked form of CDLS (CDLS2 ) is caused by mutation in the SMC1A gene (OMIM ), which accounts for about 5% of cases. Two milder variants of Cornelia de Lange syndrome have been identified: CDLS3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SMC3 gene (OMIM ), and CDLS4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RAD21 gene (OMIM ). All 4 genes, NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, and RAD21, encode components of the cohesin complex. Another X-linked form, CDLS5 (OMIM ), is caused by mutation in the HDAC8 gene (OMIM ), the vertebrate histone deacetylase of SMC3.

CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME 1; CDLS1 Is also known as cdl;cdls, typus degenerativus amstelodamensis, de lange syndrome, brachmann-de lange syndrome;bdls

• Autosomal dominant inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature

SOURCES: NCIT OMIM

Low match MICROCEPHALY 10, PRIMARY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; MCPH10

Primary microcephaly-10 (MCPH10) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by extremely small head size (-9 SD) at birth and death usually by 1 year of age. Neuropathologic examination shows severe loss of neurons as well as neuronal loss of polarity and abnormal dendritic maturation (summary by Yang et al., 2012).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of primary microcephaly, see MCPH1 (OMIM ).

MICROCEPHALY 10, PRIMARY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; MCPH10 Is also known as ;microcephalic primordial dwarfism, walsh type

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Microcephaly
• Micrognathia
• Cataract
• Spasticity

SOURCES: OMIM MONDO ORPHANET UMLS

Low match MENTAL RETARDATION, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT 6, WITH OR WITHOUT SEIZURES; MRD6

MRD6 is an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development and intellectual disability of variable severity. Additional features may include seizures, hypotonia, abnormal movements, such as dystonia, and autistic features. Some patients may have structural malformations of cortical development on brain imaging. The phenotype is highly variable and reflects a spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities that range from mild intellectual disability without seizures to an encephalopathy (summary by Platzer et al., 2017).

• Autosomal dominant inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM DOID MONDO UMLS

Low match PFEIFFER SYNDROME TYPE 2

Pfeiffer syndrome type 2 (PS2) is a frequent and severe type of Pfeiffer syndrome (PS; see this term), characterized by cloverleaf skull, severe associated functional disorders, and hand/foot and elbow/knee abnormalities.

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hypertelorism
• Cleft palate

SOURCES: ORPHANET